Občina Domžale: primer spreminjanja obmestne pokrajine v okolici Ljubljane
In: Geographica Slovenica 25
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In: Geographica Slovenica 25
We start the paper with a terminological discussion about globalization and geographical marginality. Then we present an analysis that intends to find out whether the demographic data at municipal level can reveal us marginal regions (municipalities). We divided all municipalities according to their centrality into the group of predominantly central and predominantly peripheral. We calculated 5 demographic indicators and according to the average value defined municipalities that were essentially different (potentially marginal). The analysis shows that demographic indicators are not reliable and not an appropriate tool for the definition of marginal regions. ; Z geografsko marginalnostjo se ukvarja ena od komisij Mednarodne geografske zveze. V zadnjem času je posebna pozornost namenjena omenjeni problematiki v kontekstu globalizacije. V zvezi s tem procesom so mnenja deljena. Pogosto se beseda uporablja za označevanje vsega negativnega, kar se povezuje s procesi vse tesnejše kapitalske povezanosti sveta, kakor tudi s širjenjem neke enovite potrošniške kulture širom sveta. Globalizacija pa nima nujno zgolj škodljivih posledic. Dreher (2006) je ugotovil, da se države, ki so bolj globalizirane (vpete v svetovne gospodarske in politične razmere), uspešneje gospodarsko razvijajo. Sicer lahko rečemo, da je globalizacija proces, ki sega zelo daleč v preteklost, pomeni pa večanje povezanosti različnih delov sveta. Ta je z naglim razvojem prometnih sredstev v 20. stoletju in z neslutenim razvojem komunikacijskih sredstev (svetovno medmrežje) v zadnjih desetletjih izjemno napredovala. Svet je danes globalna vas, v kateri tokovi kapitala, širjenje idej in vzorov praktično ne poznajo meja. Danes logika kapitalističnega profita proizvodnjo čedalje pogosteje usmerja v območja s ceneno delovno silo in s tem povzroča brezposelnost tam, od koder se proizvodnja seli, hkrati pa novozaposlene postavlja v bolj ali manj brezpraven položaj neusmiljeno izkoriščane delovne sile. Na ta način ene in druge potiska na rob družbe in jih družbeno marginalizira. Seveda prisotnost posameznih marginalnih skupin prebivalstva na nekem območju še ne pomeni, da gre za geografsko marginalnost regije, kjer se nahajajo. Nasploh je pojem geografske marginalnosti težko opredeljiv in obstajajo številna različna pojmovanja. Po eni strani gre za poseben pristop do problematike območij z gospodarskimi, družbenimi in političnimi težavami, ki so do te mere zaostrene, da ta območja bistveno odstopaja od preostanka nekega širšega območja, ki mu to območje pripada. To odstopanje je v skladu z nekaterimi pojmovanji tako veliko, da tako območje sploh ni več sestavni del širšega območja, kamor bi po geografskem položaju sodilo, temveč je od njega ločeno. V tem primeru lahko govorimo o ločenem območju ali "izolatu". V skladu z drugim konceptom lahko opredeljujemo geografsko marginalnost z vidika gospodarskih značilnosti, pri čemer se naslonimo na središčno-obrobni model (Centre- Periphery). Marginalna območja so del obrobja (periferije), a jih ne moremo enačiti z obrobjem. Na 1. sliki je prikazana možnost razlikovanja na podlagi stopnje tržne vključenosti in stopnje razvitosti proizvodnih sil. V primeru, da je nizka le ena od navedenih, gre za obrobje (periferijo), če sta nizki obe pa za marginalno območje. Postavljanje meja med tem kaj je dovolj nizko za opredelitev marginalnosti, je seveda bolj ali manj subjektivno. Marginalnost lahko pojmujemo tudi na podlagi koncepta "osrednjega toka" (mainstream). Tekom časa osrednji družbeni tok, znotraj katerega se gibljejo življenjske poti večine pripadnikov, spreminja smer. Tako lahko nek posameznik, ne da bi bistveno spreminjal svojo življenjsko pot, del te prebije znotraj, del pa zunaj osrednjega toka. V času, ko je v marginalnem položaju (zunaj osrednjega toka), se po določenih bistvenih značilnostih pomembno razlikuje od pripadnikov družbe, ki so znotraj osrednjega toka. To se sklada tudi z izvirnim pomenom besede marginalen (npr.: napisan na robu strani v knjigi ali rokopisu). Beseda torej označuje nekaj, kar je bistveno drugačno od sosedstva, a je na nek način s tem sosedstvom vendarle povezano. Zato v tem primeru ne moremo govoriti o popolni ločenosti kot v primeru "izolata". Za slovenske razmere lahko že na podlagi poznavanja temeljnih geografskih značilnosti trdimo, da marginalnih območij v smislu "izolata" v Sloveniji ni. Predpostavljali pa smo, da so posamezna območja, ki kažejo določeno stopnjo marginalnosti. Zanimalo nas je, če dosegljivi prebivalstveni podatki omogočajo ugotavljanje marginalnosti slovenskih občin. Občine kot analitične prostorske enote smo uporabili, ker so to najmanjše prostorske enote, ki jih lahko opredelimo kot jedrne (nodalne) regije, za katere lahko dobimo še dovolj uporabne prebivalstvene podatke. Težave pri analitičnem delu z njimi so posledica izjemno velikih razlik v velikosti. Te se z drobljenjem občin le še povečujejo. Občine smo razdelili na osrednje in obrobne glede na to ali je njihovo središče mesto (statistična opredelitev SURS), oziroma ali je v polurni izohroni (vožnja z osebnim avtom) enega od dvanajstih središč statističnih regij. Občine smo glede na izbranih 5 prebivalstvenih kazalnikov razvrščali v tri skupine, glede na odstopanje od povprečja. Mejni vrednosti sta bili en standardni odklon pod in nad aritmetično sredino. Predpostavka je bila, da tolikšno odstopanje v smeri, ki pomeni neugoden odklon od povprečja (npr. pri starostnem indeksu je to navzgor) pomeni, da imamo opravka s prebivalstveno posledico marginalnosti. Razdelitev občin glede na naravni prirast (oz. upad), starostni indeks in delež prebivalcev z visoko izobrazbo so pokazali zelo visoko verjetnost povezanosti z našo delitvijo občin na osrednje in obrobne. nasprotno pa pri stopnji selitvene rasti (upada) in pri deležu vzdrževanih testiranje s Hi-kvadrat testom ni potrdilo velike verjetnosti odvisnosti. Izračunali smo tudi preprost količnik marginalnosti, katerega vrednost je v razponu med 1 in -1, pri čemer 1 pomeni, da preučevana enota v vseh izračunanih kazalnikih v neugodni smeri za več kot en standardni odklon odstopa od povprečja. Izkazalo se je, da občin, ki bi bile vsaj blizu vrednosti 1 ni. To pomeni, da pri istih občinah posamezni kazalniki kažejo značilnosti, ki bi bile lahko povezane z marginalnostjo, drugi pa ne, ali pa kažejo celo nasprotno. Za povrh se je izkazalo, da občine z najvišjim količnikom po naši opredelitvi vse po vrsti sodijo med osrednje. Prebivalstveni kazalniki tako po našem mnenju vsaj za slovenske razmere niso primerni za opredeljevanje marginalnosti in marginalnih območij. Očitno je namreč, da so neugodne prebivalstvene značilnosti prisotne tako v osrednjih kot v obrobnih območjih in obratno in po naši presoji tudi niso nujno posledica marginalnosti v gospodarskem, družbenem (političnem) ali kulturnem smislu.
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In: Perspectives on Geographical Marginality Ser. v.5
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 New Localism, New Regionalism and Place Based Development -- 1.3 Chapter Overview -- 1.4 Concluding Thoughts -- References -- Part ISocial Innovation as a Tool for Demarginalization -- 2 Social Innovation and Geographical Marginality -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Social Innovation -- 2.3 Social Innovation and Demarginalization -- 2.3.1 Can Social Innovation Tackle Marginalization -- 2.3.2 Social Innovation and Marginalized Rural Areas -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Community Action Against Marginalization: The Case of a Rural Social Enterprise in the Village of Saint-Camille, Quebec -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Social Enterprise: An Operational Perspective -- 3.4 The Socio-territorial Context: Saint-Camille -- 3.5 La Clé des Champs -- 3.5.1 Starting the Cooperative -- 3.5.2 The Beginning of the Crisis -- 3.5.3 Dissolution and Turning Point -- 3.6 Discussion: Is Transitioning to a Private Enterprise Model a Step Backward? -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIRegions, Regional Potentials, Regional Development and Geographical Marginality -- 4 Rich Country-'Poor' Regions: Fighting Regional Disparities in Switzerland -- 4.1 Introduction: Inequality and Geographical Difference -- 4.2 Inequality and Diversity in Switzerland -- 4.2.1 The Natural Setting -- 4.2.2 The Political System -- 4.2.3 Fiscal Regime -- 4.3 Regional Disparities in Switzerland -- 4.3.1 Income -- 4.3.2 Gross Domestic Income (GDI) -- 4.3.3 The Dynamics of Businesses and Jobs -- 4.3.4 Unemployment -- 4.4 Regional Policy in Switzerland: Evolution and Instruments -- 4.4.1 Background -- 4.4.2 Evolution -- 4.4.3 The Fiscal Equalization Scheme -- 4.5 Regional Policy in a Globalized Environment -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References.
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality volume 3
In: Perspectives on Geographical Marginality, v. 3
This book considers de-marginalization attesting that marginal regions have the potential for de-marginalization and are anchored in developmental terms on the following core themes: nature; tourism; ethnicity and general factors including migration. Adding to the discussion on marginality and sustainability this book contributes a number of case studies on a diverse selection of topics and regions in which these crucial issues connect. It delivers a reflection of (de)marginalizing processes in today's globalized world where an increasing number of people, groups, societies and regions are marginalized and vulnerable not only from social and economic factors, but also from natural causes such as natural hazards. This book addresses the unsustainable practices in the past that have often generated difficult conditions for sustainable development in the future. Marginal regions that have not been developed are given much needed consideration as they may now enjoy the benefits of having not been exploited in the past to their present-day developmental advantage. The overview offered by this book is significant in that marginal regions with relatively unspoiled and attractive natural (and cultural) landscapes have a great potential for sustainable tourism. Contributions include the (de)marginalization of ethnic groups, the role of education and migration in the process, and different economic and political perspectives. Considering the topics covered, the book should be appreciated by all those involved in creation of social policies, urban and regional planning - coordinating economic with spatial and social development and by those studying in the fields were competencies for such activities are important part of study program.
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality volume 5
This book examines regional responses to marginality by highlighting social innovation, local capacity and new path formations in what are often seen as economically weak regions where policy and institutional considerations play a key role. Divided into three parts, it covers a wide range of topics related to geographical marginality from various angles, on both regional and local scales. The first part focuses on the role of social innovation and illustrates the themes of social innovation and new localism, local revitalization and social entrepreneurship. The second part then addresses the issues of economic responses, valorization, resource use and local action in response to marginalization. Lastly, the third part explores various policies and measures taken to respond to marginality and intensify regional development in marginal areas. .
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality, volume 2
This book provides an overview of marginality or marginalization, as a concept, characterizing a situation of impediments - social, political, economic, physical, and environmental - that impact the abilities of many people and societies to improve their human condition. It examines a wide range of examples and viewpoints of societies struggling with poverty, social inequality and marginalization. Though the book will be especially interesting for those looking for insights into the situation and position of ethnic groups living in harsh mountainous conditions in the Himalayan region, examples from other parts of the world such as Kyrgyzstan, Israel, Switzerland and Finland provide an opportunity for comparison of marginality and marginalization from around the world. Also addressed are issues such as livelihood, outmigration and environmental threats, taking into account the conditions, scale and perspective of observation. Throughout the text, particular attention is given to the context and concept of 'marginalization', which sadly remains a persistent reality of human life. It is in this context that this book seeks to advance our global understanding of what marginalization is, how it is manifested and what causes it, while also proposing remedial strategies.
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality volume 7
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality, volume 7
"This book examines how COVID-19 has often enhanced social and economic marginalisation in different places and societies around the world. It explores the reality that selective deglobalisation is occurring and over and above the human tragedy which has been experienced, many societies and economies have had to adapt to the new reality which they find themselves in. Governments have been challenged to improve health care and provide economic relief and stimulus packages to sectors as diverse as tourism and education which have had to develop new ways of coping. Resilience theory is drawn on to help explain some of the creative responses which we observe, while in other places deep-rooted concerns for the future are a stark reality. By describing how the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing geographic, social and economic marginalisation, particularly for the most vulnerable places, societies and economic activities globally, this book provides insight into the impacts and implications across the world and reflects on the different experiences."--Provided by publisher.
In: Perspectives on geographical marginality volume 2